With the publication of this new issue, the IBERC Journal, founded in 2018 and dedicated to the study of civil liability, reaffirms its trajectory of consolidation as a qualified forum for the production and dissemination of legal knowledge. Situated within one of the most dynamic and socially relevant fields of law—namely, that concerned with damages in an increasingly complex and dynamic society—the journal presents readers with a collection of studies that address, with theoretical rigor and practical sensitivity, central issues of contemporary relevance. This volume also marks a significant milestone in its editorial history, as it is the first to be published under the CAPES Qualis A4 classification, a recognition that reflects the journal’s institutional maturation and the scientific consistency of its contributions. In this context, the commitment to promoting a plural, critical, and interdisciplinary debate is reaffirmed—one capable of engaging not only with legal dogmatics but also with the concrete challenges that permeate social life—inviting the reader to undertake a thorough and stimulating reflection throughout the texts that compose this issue no. 1/2026, which is hereby presented.

We now turn to the cover of the first issue of 2026, composed of an image of a work created by the artist Tina Felice (@tinafelice.art), in acrylic on canvas in 2024. Situated within the context of contemporary art, the work is characterized by chromatic expressiveness and technical freedom.

With the publication of issue no. 3 of volume no. 8, the IBERC Journal closes 2025 by presenting texts that explore diverse and contemporary dimensions of civil liability. This new issue reaffirms the Institute’s commitment to offering high-quality, accessible, and free legal literature devoted to deepening debates on civil liability in its multiple interfaces.

The artwork on this edition’s cover is No. 2 in White, dated 1923, by Wassily Kandinsky, part of the collection of the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris. It is an abstract painting that reflects the artist’s search for an autonomous visual language, marked by the expressiveness of shapes and colors. Kandinsky is recognized as a pioneer of abstract art, and his work embodies a break with figurative representation, proposing a spiritualized and innovative aesthetic in painting.

In this issue, the IBERC Journal reinforces its vocation as a space of academic and scientific excellence in the field of civil liability. The texts gathered here, written by authors of recognized expertise, offer deep and original analyses of both classic and contemporary themes, engaging with digital, international, and historical realities. The diversity of approaches and the quality of the reflections make this edition an indispensable reference for scholars, practitioners, and legal professionals. May this reading inspire new research, contribute to the improvement of legal practice, and strengthen the commitment to advancing Brazilian studies on the subject.

With the publication of this issue, the IBERC Journal reaches the second half of 2025 with a selection of texts that explore the multiple aspects of civil liability. The continuity of this editorial project, initiated in 2018 with the purpose of freely disseminating high-quality legal knowledge, reaffirms the commitment of the Brazilian Institute for Studies in Civil Liability to the spread of knowledge and critical reflection on contemporary challenges that permeate social and legal relations and demand responses that blend the classical with the innovative.

On the cover, we feature the work of expressionist painter Alexej von Jawlensky. The chosen piece is entitled “The Thinking Woman” (Die Sinnende), dated 1912. The Russian artist worked the expressiveness of colors in his works like few others.

This new issue of the IBERC Journal materializes the commitment to disseminate knowledge in the field of civil liability. The texts gathered here, written by authors of recognized expertise, address contemporary and complex issues, offering readers deep reflections and innovative solutions. The thematic diversity of the articles enriches the legal debate and strengthens the journal as a national reference in the field. May the steps of the IBERC Journal continue to be increasingly successful, always driven by the active participation of its readers, authors, and all agents of the editorial process.

With the publication of this first issue of 2025, the IBERC Journal reaffirms its commitment to the study and dissemination of knowledge on civil liability, offering in-depth analyses of fundamental and current topics through the texts published in this and other editions. Consolidating its purpose of being a reference in the legal field, the journal continues to stand out and grow as a space for academic reflection and debate that is technically sound, accessible, and free of charge.

The cover features one of the most well-known paintings by the expressionist, futurist, and cubist artist Franz Marc, titled Blue Horse I (1911). The horse, a symbol of strength, was one of the artist's favorite animals. For him, blue represented the masculine element. The painting is part of the collection of the Lenbachhaus Municipal Gallery in Munich.

This edition of the IBERC Journal reaffirms its role as a reference in the field of civil liability, bringing innovative research and rigorous analysis that enrich the study of the subject. The success of the publication depends on the active collaboration of readers, authors, and other editorial stakeholders, continually strengthening legal and academic debate. May this edition be another significant step toward building accessible, critical, and high-quality knowledge, which defines the essence of our work.

We are delighted to present Volume 7, Number 3 of the IBERC Journal, concluding the year 2024 and the 2021-2024 Quadrennium. This milestone is an opportunity for celebration and reflection on the journey of our journal, dedicated to disseminating high-relevance studies in the field of civil liability. During this period, we published a total of 124 articles, organized as follows: National Doctrine (78), Foreign Doctrine (14), Case Law Comments (15), and Reviews (17). These numbers represent the collective effort toward excellence, supported by contributions from authors across all five regions of Brazil and from countries around the world, reinforcing the plurality and reach of the Brazilian Institute for Civil Liability Studies (IBERC). On the cover, we feature “En la Yola” by Joaquín Sorolla, a prolific Spanish painter celebrated for his enchanting capture of luminosity. With brushstrokes that imbue scenes with movement and life, Sorolla profoundly influenced a generation of Spanish artists. Painted in 1910, this work belongs to a private collection. We hope the reflections gathered here inspire our readers to explore these issues with a critical and renewed perspective, enriching the collective understanding of the role of law in our ever-evolving society.

It is with great pleasure that we present Volume 7, Number 2 of the IBERC Journal, reaffirming our commitment to offering significant contributions to the field of Civil Law, with an emphasis on civil liability. This edition features a diverse selection of articles that address contemporary themes, offering in-depth and critical reflections on highly relevant legal issues. The artwork chosen for the cover is "Portrait of a Woman" by Egon Schiele, dated 1912. This portrait is characteristic of Schiele's expressive and intense style, as he was one of the leading figures of Austrian expressionism. The piece depicts a woman with defined contours and an enigmatic expression, highlighting the emotions and personality of the subject.

In its seventh year, the IBERC Journal continues to reinforce its role as a vehicle for the dissemination of specialized knowledge, fostering constructive dialogue among different areas of legal knowledge and encouraging interdisciplinary research. By addressing civil liability at its various intersections, such as family law, digital law, environmental law, among others, the journal not only reflects the complexity and relevance of this area of law in contemporary society but also highlights its importance in promoting justice and protecting individual and collective rights. Having introduced the works that make up this inaugural issue of 2023, it is noted that the image chosen for the cover is “Le Lavandou” by Pierre Auguste Renoir, a symbol of the post-impressionist movement.

With the publication of issue number 3, the IBERC Journal concludes its sixth annual cycle, bringing texts that address the most diverse and important aspects of civil liability. The conclusion of this stage represents the successful consolidation of an idea that arose from the creation of IBERC in 2018, which was to circulate a free and online legal journal entirely focused on the study of this important topic, essential for the maintenance, restoration, and promotion of justice and equity in social, legal, and economic relationships.

As for the articles included in this final issue of 2023, it is worth highlighting the image selected for the cover. It is the famous painting by Eugène Delacroix, "Liberty Leading the People," currently exhibited at the Louvre Museum. The painting, a combination of detailed realism and the expressiveness of romanticism, was created in 1830, inspired by the "Three Glorious Days" revolution, and has become one of the symbols of the French Republic.

In 2023, as mentioned in the previous issue, Revista IBERC embarked on its sixth annual cycle. With the release of this Issue 2, we are pleased to share another edition that reflects our commitment to being a prominent publication in the field of civil liability. And to achieve this goal, this issue presents a selection of high-quality articles with significant theoretical contributions that will undoubtedly become references in their respective areas. We remain dedicated to facing challenges and striving for continued success, aiming to further consolidate our position as a renowned journal. The cover features a reproduction of the painting "The black boy" by English artist William Lindsay Windus in 1844, in the pre-Raphaelite style known for its meticulous attention to detail and precise brushwork. The artwork is currently exhibited at the Walker Art Gallery in Liverpool, United Kingdom. With these considerations, the Editorial Team of Revista IBERC wishes everyone an excellent reading experience, in the hope that civil liability will continue to serve as a valuable locus for diverse scientific investigations.

In 2023, the IBERC Journal begins its sixth annual cycle. This is the first issue in which we officially count on the quadrennial evaluation of Capes for the years 2018, 2019, and 2020, in which we were awarded the B3 Qualis. We remain steadfast in our purpose of consolidating our space as a reference journal in civil liability and hope to continue to rise, overcoming challenges and achieving continuous successes.

In pursuit of this goal, the first issue of the year offers the reader quality texts, undeniable theoretical contributions, and certainly references in their respective sections. With the articles that make up this first issue of 2023 presented, it is worth highlighting the image selected for the cover. Between 1891 and 1892, Henry Edmond Cross painted the picture Beach at Cabasson (Baigne-Cul), while residing in Cabasson, a village on the Côte d'Azur. During this time, he perfected the technique of pointillism. The French painter is known as one of the masters of neo-impressionism. The work in question belongs to the Art Institute of Chicago.

A multiplicidade de interseções da responsabilidade civil desvela nuances importantes e interessantíssimas para que se avance em relação a debates derivados da casuística, de novos entendimentos pretorianos e de profundas discussões doutrinárias. Nesse sentido, temas como a utilização de agrotóxicos, o descumprimento contratual, a mitigação e a majoração da indenização, ou mesmo o complexo enriquecimento sem causa são alguns dos temas selecionados para a composição deste terceiro número do quinto volume do periódico. Cumprindo sua missão institucional, a Revista IBERC concretiza suas publicações do ano de 2022 com importante acervo de textos da Doutrina Nacional, importante artigo de Doutrina Estrangeira, além de dois Comentários de Jurisprudência atualíssimos e de duas importantes Resenhas. A obra escolhida para a capa é chamada Jeune Femme arrosant un arbuste, criada entre 1841 e 1895 por Berthe Morisot, e disponibilizada no acervo do Virginia Museum of Fine Arts.

Insurance, since its emergence, has been playing a major role in the risk-guarantee relationship and in the functions of pulverizing the economic and financial effects of losses, in addition to assisting its beneficiaries in the event of an accident. These guarantee pacts instituted under the idea of ​​mutualism and managed economic reserve have wide repercussions and legal grounds, deserving continuous analysis and research to improve the constitution, formatting and effectiveness tools. Thus, the IBERC Magazine, as a vehicle for debating this important topic, presents this issue, dedicated to texts by several authors who are a reference in the area of ​​insurance, in which numerous intersections related to the subject were addressed, with regard to the involvement insurance with civil liability. The work chosen for the cover is called Cityscape Kiev, created in 1913 by the Ukrainian Oleksandr Bogomazov, in the Cube-Futurist style. The work was chosen because of the connection between the theme of the number and the nefarious war that is currently raging in Ukraine. The patrimonial and non-patrimonial damages being caused to the country and to its residents, national or foreign, are indelible, and the hope is that, soon, the conflict will end with a mediated and peaceful solution. We hope that this introductory text encourages the reading of all the articles of this very special issue, thought and organized with great dedication by both the authors and the Editorial Team, which is structured with the purpose of consolidating the IBERC Journal as a means of giving voice to scholars of the Civil responsability.

In 2022, Revista IBERC reaches its fifth year and maintains its purpose of promoting the debate around civil liability, with a focus on its classic institutes, but also with the dissemination of research related to the most current in the jurisprudence of the Brazil and other countries and bringing up disturbing issues that concern Legal Science as a whole. In this first issue of the year, six articles on national doctrine, one on foreign doctrine, a commentary on jurisprudence and a review form the collection of publications that is brought to readers with various interesting subjects that corroborate the fulfillment of the journal's institutional mission.

The IBERC Magazine was created with the purpose of being a qualified repository of texts on civil liability, in all its aspects. The tenth issue is reached after completing three years of publications and celebrating this important milestone with another issue dedicated to the area of ​​civil law with accentuated importance, both theoretical and practical, and which continues to expand. To welcome spring, we have printed on the cover of IBERC Magazine a reproduction of the work “Almond blossom” (Almond blossom), by painter Vincent van Gogh, dated 1890, which is part of the Van Gogh Museum collection in Amsterdam. We hope that these opening lines arouse the desire to read all the texts included in this new issue, reiterating the desire that IBERC Magazine will continue to be a vehicle of excellence in Civil Liability.

IBERC Journal reaches the second issue of the year 2021, celebrating its continuous improvement. The electronic format allows our work to have as wide a reach as the internet can make it possible. We use the OJS platform, a free software developed with the purpose of managing the entire process involving the publication of our scientific journal, attesting to the transparency and seriousness of our editorial activity. We are indexed in several databases, which allows for the wide dissemination of published works and the dissemination of their authors. Access to our (already vast) material is facilitated and free, with high-level researchers who produce high-quality texts, bringing necessary and pertinent debates on civil liability issues, with a view to their continuous improvement.

A elaboração da apresentação de cada número da Revista IBERC costuma ser uma atividade prazerosa, pois é o momento no qual divulgados inúmeros trabalhos, frutos das pesquisas de autores que se esmeraram para produzir textos de qualidade e relevância. No entanto, o ano de 2021 percorre a sua trajetória acompanhado da COVID, doença que segue ceifando as vidas de pessoas com histórias, amores, gostos e projetos, inclusive do associado Prof. Dr. Carlos Alexandre Moraes, que abrilhantou o IBERC e a Unicesumar. Sua vida foi marcada pela dedicação à família, aos amigos, aos alunos e aos estudos. E, se esta apresentação iniciou com uma homenagem ao Prof. Dr. Carlos Moraes, finaliza com outra, dirigida ao Prof. Dr. Renan Lotufo, também falecido por complicações decorrentes da COVID. Incansável, o Prof. Renan ministrou incontáveis aulas, redigiu inúmeros artigos, organizou e escreveu livros, além de estar permanentemente atento ao conhecimento que poderia ser adquirido e que sempre buscava a partir das novas teses de nomes vindos de todo o país e do exterior.

The year 2020 is coming to an end, and it has brought the impression that many years have been lived in one. This intense and challenging year, in feelings of acquisitions and losses, in unimaginable experiences, in learning and in a new way of living and experiencing intersubjectivity. Despite all this scenario, the world follows its rhythm and Revista Iberc, after presenting a memorable special issue dedicated to COVID-19, returns to its broader axis, with the objective of dealing with themes at its core, as the Civil Liability remains an inexhaustible topic, full of potential and specificities, which always deserves theoretical and practical exploration. Thus, the third and last issue of the third year of the Journal is presented.

In such a delicate and challenging moment that Brazil and the world is going through, with this new volume, the IBERC Magazine offers the legal community with research prepared by renowned jurists on the impact of the coronavirus pandemic in the most diverse dimensions of civil liability. This volume could not be left for later and comes at an opportune time, considering that the Judiciary is the "locus" where conflicts flow and will certainly face the most diverse claims of damage within the spectrum of the pandemic. It is known that the law is a historical-cultural product and suffers the influx of impacting events, in addition to the fact that the role of the legislator is always limited in the face of the vagueness inherent in language, so it needs a collaborative work of doctrine and of the courts, especially the Cortes de Vértice, to clarify the rights and duties in the midst of society. It is in this bias that this volume is allocated, in the eagerness to leave its share of contribution to the complex legal discussions that touch COVID-19.

The year 2020 started with numerous challenges. Symbolically, the law receives these challenges and it is up to it to offer the answers that are appropriate and the debates that are necessary. And it is in this scenario that the fruit of the recent work of the authors and editors of the first issue of the third volume, inaugurating the IBERC 2020 Journal, is presented. The IBERC Journal continues in its objective to deepen the legal debates on contemporary themes, linked to tort law, to provide a technically efficient and directed reading about the matter, and remains, in this new issue, in its opening lines, plurality and internationalization, which is revealed by the articles that compose it. In this edition, IBERC Journal dialogues with various sectors of the legal sciences, as well as with the purpose of instigating investigations and confronting challenging points of civil liability.

We reached the end of the year, ending the second volume of the IBERC Journal and this is the opportune moment to take a rearview look at this first full year of quarterly publications. As we put it since the first publication, our periodical firmly proposes to become a mandatory academic reference and an active source in the field of civil liability. For this, we are making a diversified journal, where the most varied themes of this rich and pulsating branch of law are approached, always honoring the debate compared to what is being produced in the most modern studies abroad. A retrospective look at the year 2019 shows that, despite all the difficulties, we have fulfilled this goal with great success.

It is with deep contentment that we publish the second issue of the second volume, referring to the year 2019, from the Brazilian Institute of Civil Liability Studies' Journal. Our journal firmly proposes to serve as a mandatory reference for civil liability researchers in their transdisciplinarity, with the aim of occupying a space that has long been filled only by foreign journals around this fundamental sector of legal science. To this end, we opened discussions on the assumptions and functions of civil liability, without ever neglecting the dialogue with other disciplines of private law, the Brazilian system in general and the permanent visitation to other jurisdictions. Openness, plurality and internationalization are the guidelines of the IBERC Journal.

With great satisfaction, we present the first issue of the second volume, referring to the year 2019, of the Journal of the Brazilian Institute of Civil Liability Studies, whose primary objective is to serve as an open and plural space for critical discussions around this fundamental branch of science legal. This openness and plurality is revealed not only in the diversity of points of view, here exposed by its authors, but also in the permanent look at the other legal orders, following, discussing and reflecting on the issues that are on the agenda abroad. In this regard, it should be noted that, despite the short time, the IBERC Journal has been relying on the intense collaboration of renowned foreign professors, who offer us their reflections in our section on Foreign Doctrine.

The inaugural issue of the IBERC magazine explores various shades of civil liability. The Institute is the first Brazilian group exclusively dedicated to research, debate and improvement of this fundamental area of ​​the law of obligations, along the lines of similar institutes long established in Europe, the United States of America and in countries in South America. for profitable or party purposes, IBERC is a creative and democratic space designed for the development of civil liability, and the IBERC Journal, its official journal, is yet another important initiative aimed at spreading knowledge!